CIT-NPS-WHITE-SANDS
Fossilized Footprints
https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/fossilized-footprints.htm
U.S. National Park Service, White Sands National Park
Regional chronology
The Americas
A regional chronology from early settlement evidence to living Indigenous nations, ancient cities and networks, invasion, forced migration, independence, conflict, disaster, sovereignty and language revitalization.
63 dated records89 evidence guides9 atlas stages
c. 26,000-10,000 BCE · Migration
Beringia and multiple pathways into the Americas
Lower sea levels exposed Beringia while people moved through and around northern environments; inland, coastal and later movements remain active research questions.
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CIT-NPS-BERINGIACIT-AMERICAS-PARKS-CANADA-IVVAVIK
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c. 21,000-19,000 BCE · Community
White Sands human footprints
Human trackways beside ancient Lake Otero document people in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum and preserve rare traces of movement across a wetland.
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CIT-NPS-WHITE-SANDSCIT-AMERICAS-USGS-WHITE-SANDS
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c. 12,800-12,400 BCE · Community
Monte Verde settlement evidence
Waterlogged deposits at Monte Verde preserve structures, wood, plant foods and tools that establish an early human presence far south of the continental ice sheets.
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CIT-UNESCO-MONTE-VERDECIT-AMERICAS-CHILE-MONTE-VERDE
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c. 1500-300 BCE at Chavin de Huantar; wider horizon chronologies vary by region · Religion
Chavin de Huantar and the Chavin horizon
Chavin de Huantar developed into a major pilgrimage and ceremonial center whose architecture, imagery, materials and practices connected diverse Andean communities without erasing regional traditions.
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CIT-UNESCO-CHAVIN-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKA
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c. 1200-400 BCE · Civilization
Olmec Gulf Coast centers
San Lorenzo, La Venta and related Gulf Coast communities developed monumental centers, distinctive sculpture and far-reaching exchange without forming one timeless unified state.
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CIT-INAH-LA-VENTA-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 100 BCE-700 CE for the Nazca archaeological tradition; geoglyph activity spans a broader regional sequence · Community
Nazca desert and valley communities
Nazca communities linked irrigated valleys, pilgrimage places, textiles and painted ceramics within an exceptionally arid landscape.
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CIT-UNESCO-NAZCA-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 1-400 CE for the monumental complexes; related Hopewell traditions vary by region · Trade
Hopewell ceremonial and exchange networks
Communities built geometric earthworks and joined long-distance networks through gatherings, ceremony and movement of copper, mica, shell, obsidian and other materials.
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CIT-UNESCO-HOPEWELL-AMERICASCIT-UNESCO-US-CULTURALCIT-AMERICAS-NPS-HOPEWELL-HISTORY
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c. 1-650 CE · Civilization
Teotihuacan metropolis
Teotihuacan became a planned, multiethnic metropolis whose political, religious, craft and trade connections reached across Mesoamerica.
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CIT-UNESCO-TEOTIHUACAN-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 100-800 CE · Kingdom
Moche regional polities
North-coast communities grouped archaeologically as Moche formed several changing polities noted for irrigation, monumental compounds, metalwork and narrative ceramics; their languages are not securely identified.
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CIT-MET-MOCHE-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-SMITHSONIAN-MOCHE-PROFILE
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c. 250-900 CE · Civilization
Classic Maya city-states
Maya-speaking peoples lived in many competing and allied kingdoms, not one empire, with courts that recorded dynastic histories in a fully developed writing system.
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CIT-MET-CLASSIC-MAYA-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-UNESCO-COPAN
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c. 400-1000 CE; the monumental city flourished especially c. 400-900 CE · Civilization
Tiwanaku highland network
Tiwanaku anchored a high-altitude political and ceremonial network supported by raised-field farming, herding, colonies and exchange across ecological zones.
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CIT-UNESCO-TIWANAKU-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKACIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 450-1475 CE for the archaeological traditions compared here; canal irrigation began much earlier · Trade
Ancestral Sonoran Desert and Paquime exchange worlds
Ancestral Sonoran Desert canal communities and later Paquime linked parts of the Southwest and northern Mexico through crops, ceramics, shell, copper and feathers. They were distinct societies, not one polity.
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CIT-NPS-ANCESTRAL-SONORAN-AMERICASCIT-UNESCO-PAQUIME-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-SOUTHWEST
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c. 600-1000 CE · Empire
Wari expansion and provincial centers
Wari institutions, planned compounds, roads and visual styles spread through much of the central Andes, though scholars debate how imperial control worked in each region.
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CIT-MET-WARI-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKACIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 800-1400 CE · Civilization
Cahokia and Mississippian societies
Cahokia became the largest urban center north of Mexico within diverse Mississippian societies linked by maize agriculture, mound building, exchange and ceremonial practices.
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CIT-UNESCO-CAHOKIA-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 800 CE-present continuities; later pre-contact and invasion-era evidence most clearly documents Taino political identities · Community
Taino and related Caribbean communities
Arawakan-speaking Caribbean communities developed local and regional polities, farming and seaborne exchange; European invasion devastated them, but Indigenous ancestry, knowledge and Taino identities continue.
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CIT-NMAI-TAINO-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-LOC-1492
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c. 850-1250 CE · Construction
Chaco and ancestral Pueblo networks
Ancestral Pueblo communities built great houses, roads and ceremonial spaces at Chaco within a wider world whose descendants include living Pueblo peoples.
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CIT-UNESCO-CHACO-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-SOUTHWEST
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c. 900-1470 CE · Kingdom
Chimu kingdom and Chan Chan
The Chimu kingdom expanded along the north coast from Chan Chan, combining irrigation, tribute, specialized production and inherited Moche and Lambayeque traditions.
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CIT-UNESCO-CHAN-CHAN-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKA
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c. 1000-1600 CE, with earlier and later regional sequences · Community
Amazonian earthworks and managed forests
Across parts of Amazonia, communities built geometric earthworks, roads, raised fields and large villages while enriching soils and managing forests over generations.
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CIT-NATURE-AMAZON-EARTHWORKS-AMERICASCIT-MNPI-BRAZILCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 1000-1600 CE · Migration
Ancestral Inuit Arctic maritime networks
Archaeological traditions conventionally termed Thule, ancestral to many Inuit communities, expanded eastward through Arctic coasts using sophisticated maritime, hunting and social networks adapted to sea ice and regional change.
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CIT-SMITHSONIAN-THULE-AMERICASCIT-NPS-BERINGIA
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c. 1000-1800 CE for this archaeological-linguistic comparison; Dene histories have deeper roots · Community
Dene subarctic networks
Dene-speaking communities maintained river, forest and tundra networks across the subarctic. Linguistic and archaeological studies discuss movements connecting northern and Southwestern Athabaskan-speaking peoples, but routes and dates remain contested.
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CIT-NPS-DENE-MIGRATION-AMERICASCIT-NPS-BERINGIACIT-AMERICAS-PARKS-CANADA-NAHANNI
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c. 1000 CE-present · Community
Mapuche territorial societies and resistance
Mapuche communities organized through kin, local leaders and territorial identities, resisted Inka and Spanish expansion, and remain a living people across Chile and Argentina.
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CIT-MEMORIA-MAPUCHE-HISTORY-AMERICASCIT-MEMORIA-MAPUZUGUN-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 15th century-present; founding chronology debated · Community
Haudenosaunee Confederacy
The Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca formed a confederacy under the Great Law of Peace; the Tuscarora later joined, and the nations remain living governments.
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CIT-HAUDENOSAUNEE-CONFEDERACYCIT-AMERICAS-NMAI-HAUDENOSAUNEE
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c. 1400 CE-present use and stewardship · Technology
Qhapaq Nan road system
The Inka expanded older Andean paths into a road network covering more than 30,000 kilometers; many sections remain sacred, practical and culturally significant to living communities.
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CIT-UNESCO-QHAPAQ-NAN-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKA
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1428-1521 CE · Empire
Mexica-led Triple Alliance
Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan formed the Triple Alliance, often called the Aztec Empire; Mexica power depended on tribute, warfare, markets and negotiated local rule.
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CIT-INAH-TEMPLO-MAYOR-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-LOC-1492
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c. 1438-1533 CE · Empire
Tawantinsuyu, the Inka state
The Inka state rapidly expanded through conquest, alliance and resettlement, integrating many nations into Tawantinsuyu while local languages and institutions continued.
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CIT-NMAI-INKACIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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1492-c. 1600 CE · War
Sustained European invasion and Atlantic contact
Voyages beginning in 1492 opened sustained invasion, settlement and extraction by European powers, producing warfare, epidemic disease, forced conversion, displacement and new Atlantic connections.
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CIT-LOC-1492CIT-LOC-COLONIAL-CONFLICT-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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1500-1822 CE · Empire
Portuguese Brazil: plantation, mining and territorial expansion
Portuguese colonization expanded through coastal plantations, interior expeditions, mining and slavery while Indigenous nations and African-descended communities resisted, negotiated and survived.
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CIT-BNDIGITAL-BRAZIL-SLAVERY-AMERICASCIT-SLAVEVOYAGES-METHOD-AMERICASCIT-MNPI-BRAZILCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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c. 1500-1867 CE · Migration
Transatlantic forced migration and racial slavery
European empires and merchants forcibly transported millions of African people to the Americas, creating chattel-slavery systems central to plantation, mining, port and household economies.
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CIT-SLAVEVOYAGES-METHOD-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOMCIT-LOC-1492
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c. 1503-1800 CE · Empire
Spanish colonial tribute, mission and labor systems
Encomienda, repartimiento, mission and tribute systems redirected Indigenous land and labor to colonial states, churches and settlers; rules and coercion differed by place and century.
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CIT-LOC-COLONIAL-CONFLICT-AMERICASCIT-NPS-SPANISH-MISSIONS-LABOR-AMERICASCIT-LOC-1492
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1519-1521 CE · War
Spanish-led invasion and siege of Tenochtitlan
A Spanish expedition allied with Tlaxcalans and other Indigenous enemies of the Triple Alliance; war, siege and smallpox culminated in Tenochtitlan's fall.
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CIT-INAH-CONQUEST-ALLIANCES-AMERICASCIT-INAH-TEMPLO-MAYOR-AMERICASCIT-LOC-1492CIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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1532-1572 CE · War
Invasion of Tawantinsuyu and Andean resistance
Spanish invaders exploited an Inka succession war and Indigenous rivalries, captured Atawalpa and occupied Cusco, but organized resistance continued for four decades and beyond.
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CIT-NMAI-INKACIT-LOC-1492CIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
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c. 1600 CE-present; named traditions formed at different dates in distinct regions · Religion
Afro-Atlantic religions and sacred communities
African-descended communities created and sustained distinct, place-specific traditions including Candomble, Vodou, Santeria and related practices under slavery, persecution and migration.
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CIT-IPHAN-AFRICAN-HERITAGE-AMERICASCIT-SMITHSONIAN-VODOU-AMERICASCIT-SMITHSONIAN-SANTERIA-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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February-March 1600 CE; immediate effects continued into 1601 · Disaster
Huaynaputina eruption
Huaynaputina's 1600 eruption devastated nearby Andean communities, buried fields and settlements, and disrupted regional agriculture and economies; the scale of wider climatic effects remains a research question.
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CIT-SMITHSONIAN-HUAYNAPUTINA-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-USGS-ANDEAN-VOLCANISM
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c. 1605-1694 CE; the federation's origins and early chronology are uncertain · Community
Palmares and maroon communities
Palmares was a long-lived federation of settlements founded largely by people escaping slavery, with African, Indigenous and locally born residents defending autonomy from colonial attacks.
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CIT-PALMARES-HISTORY-AMERICASCIT-BNDIGITAL-BRAZIL-SLAVERY-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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1680-1692 CE · War
Pueblo Revolt
Pueblo communities coordinated a 1680 uprising against Spanish forced labor, tribute and religious repression, driving colonists from New Mexico for twelve years.
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CIT-NPS-PUEBLO-REVOLT-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-SOUTHWEST
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c. 1743-1803 CE · Person
Toussaint Louverture
Toussaint Louverture rose from slavery to become a leading general and governor during the Haitian Revolution, navigating abolition, war, diplomacy and contested plantation policy.
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CIT-BNF-TOUSSAINT-AMERICASCIT-LOC-HAITI-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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1754-1794 CE · War
Imperial war, American Revolution and Indigenous diplomacy
Imperial and revolutionary wars forced Native nations to defend sovereignty through diplomacy, neutrality, alliance and war; U.S. victory accelerated territorial invasion.
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CIT-HAUDENOSAUNEE-CONFEDERACYCIT-NPS-SULLIVAN-CLINTON-AMERICAS
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c. 1768-1813 CE · Person
Tecumseh and Indigenous confederation resistance
Shawnee leader Tecumseh worked to build a multi-nation confederation against U.S. land seizure, arguing that shared lands could not be sold by isolated treaties.
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CIT-NPS-TECUMSEH-AMERICASCIT-NPS-WAR-1812-INDIGENOUS-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-LOC-HARRISON-TIMELINE
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1780-1783 CE · War
Tupac Amaru II and Micaela Bastidas uprising
A mass Andean uprising challenged abusive officials, forced trade and colonial rule; its coalitions and goals varied across Quechua, Aymara, Indigenous, mestizo and other participants.
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CIT-BICENTENARIO-TUPAC-AMARU-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKA
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1783-1830 CE · Person
Simon Bolivar
Bolivar was a central military and political leader in northern South American independence, advocating continental union while governing amid deep conflicts over race, region, slavery and executive power.
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CIT-UNESCO-BOLIVAR-ARCHIVE-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-LOC-BOLIVAR-MEMORIAL
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1791-1804 CE · War
Haitian Revolution
Enslaved and free people overthrew Saint-Domingue's slave regime and defeated imperial armies, creating independent Haiti and permanently reshaping Atlantic struggles over slavery and freedom.
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CIT-LOC-HAITI-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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1808-1826 CE · War
Spanish American wars of independence
Revolutions and wars ended most mainland Spanish rule, but new republics inherited colonial inequalities and contested the place of Indigenous, African-descended, mixed and regional communities.
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CIT-LOC-MEXICO-INDEPENDENCE-AMERICASCIT-UNESCO-BOLIVAR-ARCHIVE-AMERICAS
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1819-1969 CE for the federal boarding-school system; Dawes allotment policy, 1887-1934 · Empire
Federal boarding schools and allotment systems
From 1819 to 1969, the federal Indian boarding-school system pursued cultural assimilation through child removal; from 1887, the Dawes Act divided communally held reservation lands into allotments and enabled massive land loss.
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CIT-DOI-BOARDING-SCHOOLS-AMERICASCIT-ARCHIVES-DAWESCIT-CHEROKEE-NATIONCIT-UN-UNDRIP
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1822-1889 CE · Empire
Brazilian independence and imperial continuity
Brazil separated from Portugal under a monarchy; territorial unity and elite rule continued alongside slavery, Indigenous dispossession, regional revolts and gradual political change.
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CIT-BNDIGITAL-BRAZIL-INDEPENDENCE-AMERICASCIT-MNPI-BRAZILCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
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1830-c. 1850 CE · Migration
Cherokee removal and rebuilding
U.S. removal policy and military force expelled most Cherokee people from southeastern homelands; survivors rebuilt government in Indian Territory while other Cherokee communities remained in the East.
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CIT-NPS-TRAIL-TEARS-AMERICASCIT-CHEROKEE-NATION
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1846-1848 CE · War
Mexican-American War and border transformation
U.S. invasion of Mexico ended with a vast territorial cession, shifting borders across Indigenous homelands and intensifying disputes over slavery, citizenship, land and expansion.
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CIT-ARCHIVES-GUADALUPE-AMERICASCIT-LOC-MEXICAN-WAR-GUIDE-AMERICAS
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1861-1877 CE · War
U.S. Civil War, emancipation and Reconstruction
Secession by slaveholding states made slavery central to the war, and Union war aims expanded toward emancipation. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery except as punishment for crime, and Reconstruction transformed citizenship before violent white-supremacist rollback.
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CIT-ARCHIVES-THIRTEENTH-AMENDMENT-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOMCIT-NPS-CIVIL-WAR-INDIAN-TERRITORY-AMERICASCIT-CHEROKEE-NATION
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1879-1884 CE · War
War of the Pacific
Chile fought Peru and Bolivia over taxation, sovereignty and nitrate-rich territory, producing occupation, civilian losses, territorial change and Bolivia's loss of a Pacific coast.
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CIT-MEMORIA-CHILENA-WAR-PACIFIC-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-LOC-PERU-COUNTRY-STUDY
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1910-1920 CE, with longer political aftermath · War
Mexican Revolution
Revolution over dictatorship, land, labor and political power destroyed the Porfirian order and produced a new constitution, but conflict and reform remained regionally uneven.
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Agent citation
CIT-LOC-MEXICAN-REVOLUTION-AMERICASCIT-AMERICAS-INEHRM-MEXICAN-REVOLUTION
Card summary and chronology · 2 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
c. 1916-1970 CE · Migration
Great Migration of African Americans
Millions of African Americans moved from the South to northern and western cities, seeking safety, work and political opportunity while transforming urban culture and national politics.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-LOC-GREAT-MIGRATION-AMERICASCIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
Card summary and chronology · 2 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
1945-2010 CE · Person
Wilma Mankiller
Wilma Mankiller became the Cherokee Nation's first woman elected Principal Chief and advanced community development, health, education and sovereign administration.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-SMITHSONIAN-MANKILLER-AMERICASCIT-CHEROKEE-NATION
Card summary and chronology · 2 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
22 May 1960 CE · Disaster
1960 Valdivia earthquake and Pacific tsunami
The magnitude 9.5 Valdivia earthquake, the largest instrumentally recorded, caused landslides, subsidence and a Pacific-wide tsunami that affected communities as far as Hawaii and Japan.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-USGS-EARTHQUAKESCIT-MEMORIA-VALDIVIA-EARTHQUAKE-AMERICAS
Card summary and chronology · 2 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
c. 1968-2007 CE · Community
Indigenous rights mobilization and UNDRIP
Indigenous movements across the Americas strengthened demands for land, self-determination, cultural rights and international representation, contributing to the 2007 adoption of UNDRIP.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-UN-UNDRIPCIT-INUIT-CIRCUMPOLARCIT-HAUDENOSAUNEE-CONFEDERACYCIT-MEMORIA-MAPUCHE-HISTORY-AMERICAS
Card summary and chronology · 4 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
1977 CE-present · Community
Inuit circumpolar governance
The Inuit Circumpolar Council links Inuit across state borders to advocate for culture, language, environment, health, peace and self-determination.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-INUIT-CIRCUMPOLARCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 2 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present within an enduring nation · Language
Cherokee sovereignty and language renewal
Cherokee governments and communities exercise sovereignty through law, services, education and cultural programs while investing in Cherokee-language immersion and new speakers.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-CHEROKEE-LANGUAGE-PROGRAMS-AMERICASCIT-CHEROKEE-NATIONCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 3 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present within a much older confederacy · Community
Living Haudenosaunee governance and cultural renewal
Haudenosaunee nations continue council governance, diplomacy, language teaching, ceremonies, lacrosse, agriculture and land defense across an international border imposed through their homelands.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-HAUDENOSAUNEE-CONFEDERACYCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 2 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present with millennia of continuity · Community
Living Indigenous nations of Brazil
Hundreds of Indigenous peoples in Brazil maintain distinct governments, languages and territories while confronting mining, logging, land invasion, disease and climate change.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-FUNAI-INDIGENOUS-INFORMATION-AMERICASCIT-MNPI-BRAZILCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 3 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present with ancient roots · Language
Living Maya nations and languages
Millions of Maya people belong to distinct nations and language communities; ancient cities are ancestral places, not evidence that Maya civilization vanished.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-ALMG-MAYA-LANGUAGES-AMERICASCIT-INALI-LANGUAGE-ATLAS-AMERICASCIT-UNESCO-INDIGENOUS-LANGUAGES-DECADE-AMERICASCIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS+1 in register
Card summary and chronology · 5 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present with precolonial roots · Language
Living Nahua communities and Nahuatl
Nahua communities across Mexico and migration destinations sustain many Nahuatl varieties, local government, farming, crafts, ritual and new media; they are not reducible to the Mexica past.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-INALI-LANGUAGE-ATLAS-AMERICASCIT-UNESCO-INDIGENOUS-LANGUAGES-DECADE-AMERICASCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 3 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present with deep ancestral continuities · Community
Living Pueblo, Dine, O'odham and Southwest nations
Pueblo peoples, the Dine, O'odham, Apache nations and other Southwest communities remain distinct sovereign peoples sustaining language, ceremony, art, agriculture and land relationships.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-NMAI-SOUTHWESTCIT-NPS-ANCESTRAL-SONORAN-AMERICASCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 3 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present with deep Andean roots · Community
Living Quechua and Aymara communities
Quechua- and Aymara-speaking peoples sustain communal governance, farming, herding, markets, festivals and urban networks across several republics.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-PERU-BDPI-QUECHUAS-AMERICASCIT-PERU-BDPI-AIMARA-AMERICASCIT-NMAI-INKACIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 4 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2000 CE-present within a long national history · Language
Mapuche nation and Mapuzugun renewal
Mapuche communities pursue land rights, cultural authority, education and Mapuzugun revitalization while maintaining rural, urban and transnational networks.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-MEMORIA-MAPUZUGUN-AMERICASCIT-MEMORIA-MAPUCHE-HISTORY-AMERICASCIT-UNESCO-INDIGENOUS-LANGUAGES-DECADE-AMERICASCIT-UN-UNDRIP
Card summary and chronology · 4 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
2007 CE-present in this policy-focused frame; community language maintenance and renewal are much older · Language
Indigenous language revitalization across the Americas
Indigenous nations are expanding immersion schools, master-apprentice programs, dictionaries, broadcasting, keyboards, archives and digital media to create new speakers and domains of use.
Visual reconstruction: AI-generated visualization based on the cited record and period context. It is not documentary evidence or an authenticated reconstruction of a single event.
Agent citation
CIT-UNESCO-INDIGENOUS-LANGUAGES-DECADE-AMERICASCIT-INALI-LANGUAGE-ATLAS-AMERICASCIT-CHEROKEE-LANGUAGE-PROGRAMS-AMERICASCIT-ALMG-MAYA-LANGUAGES-AMERICAS+7 in register
Card summary and chronology · 11 registered source URLs · registration is not semantic proof · audit HEM-AUDIT-20260812
Evidence register
Sources represented in this pack
Each registered source ID is paired with its institutional URL for independent checking. Registration confirms the recorded target, not every historical claim.
CIT-NPS-BERINGIA
Beringia: History and Culture
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/beringia/history.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-UNESCO-MONTE-VERDE
Monte Verde Archaeological Site
https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1873/
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-UNESCO-US-CULTURAL
United States Cultural World Heritage Properties
https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/us
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-NMAI-SOUTHWEST
Southwest: Infinity of Nations
https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/southwest.html
Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
CIT-HAUDENOSAUNEE-CONFEDERACY
Haudenosaunee Confederacy
https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/
Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council
CIT-CHEROKEE-NATION
History of the Cherokee Nation
https://www.cherokee.org/about-the-nation/history/
Cherokee Nation
CIT-INUIT-CIRCUMPOLAR
About the Inuit Circumpolar Council
https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/about-icc/
Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada
CIT-MET-ANCIENT-AMERICAS
Arts of the Ancient Americas
https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/arts-of-the-ancient-americas/inside-the-exhibition
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
CIT-UNESCO-TEOTIHUACAN-AMERICAS
Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/414
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-NMAI-INKA
The Inka Road History Timeline
https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/inka-innovation/timeline/timeline
Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
CIT-LOC-1492
1492: An Ongoing Voyage
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/index.html
Library of Congress
CIT-NMAAHC-SLAVERY-FREEDOM
Slavery and Freedom
https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/slavery-and-freedom
Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
CIT-ARCHIVES-DAWES
Dawes Act (1887)
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dawes-act
U.S. National Archives
CIT-MNPI-BRAZIL
Museu Nacional dos Povos Indigenas
https://www.gov.br/museudoindio/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/institucional/museu-do-indio
Fundacao Nacional dos Povos Indigenas (Funai), Brazil
CIT-UN-UNDRIP
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_61-295/ga_61-295.html
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
CIT-USGS-EARTHQUAKES
Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science/20-largest-earthquakes-world-1900
U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program
CIT-UNESCO-HOPEWELL-AMERICAS
Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1689
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-UNESCO-CHAVIN-AMERICAS
Chavin Archaeological Site
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-UNESCO-NAZCA-AMERICAS
Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/700
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-UNESCO-TIWANAKU-AMERICAS
Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/567
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-MET-MOCHE-AMERICAS
Moche portrait vessel and regional history
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/308528
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
CIT-MET-WARI-AMERICAS
Wari Imperial Art
https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/wari-imperial-art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
CIT-UNESCO-CHACO-AMERICAS
Chaco Culture
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/353
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-UNESCO-PAQUIME-AMERICAS
Archaeological Zone of Paquime, Casas Grandes
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/560
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-UNESCO-CAHOKIA-AMERICAS
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/198
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-SMITHSONIAN-THULE-AMERICAS
The Thule Migration: archaeology and biology of Point Barrow region populations
https://www.si.edu/object/thule-migration-new-look-archaeology-and-biology-point-barrow-region-populations%3Aslasro_157206
Smithsonian Institution
CIT-NPS-DENE-MIGRATION-AMERICAS
A Survey of Human Migration in Alaska's National Parks through Time
https://www.nps.gov/articles/aps-17-1-2.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-UNESCO-CHAN-CHAN-AMERICAS
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-NMAI-TAINO-AMERICAS
Taino: Native Heritage and Identity in the Caribbean
https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/resources/Taino-Native-Heritage-Identity-Caribbean-Gallery-Guide
Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
CIT-NATURE-AMAZON-EARTHWORKS-AMERICAS
Pre-Columbian earth-builders settled along the entire southern rim of the Amazon
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03510-7
Nature Communications
CIT-UNESCO-QHAPAQ-NAN-AMERICAS
Qhapaq Nan, Andean Road System
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1459
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-NPS-PUEBLO-REVOLT-AMERICAS
San Jose de los Jemez Mission and Giusewa Pueblo Site
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/travelspanishmissions/san-jose-de-los-jemez-mission-and-giusewa-pueblo-site.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-SMITHSONIAN-HUAYNAPUTINA-AMERICAS
Huaynaputina volcano profile
https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=354030
Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program
CIT-NPS-SULLIVAN-CLINTON-AMERICAS
The Clinton-Sullivan Campaign of 1779
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-clinton-sullivan-campaign-of-1779.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-LOC-HAITI-AMERICAS
Freedom in the Black Diaspora: Ayiti Reimagined
https://guides.loc.gov/haiti-reimagined
Library of Congress
CIT-NPS-TECUMSEH-AMERICAS
Confederation in a New World Order
https://www.nps.gov/articles/confederation-in-a-new-world-order.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-NPS-TRAIL-TEARS-AMERICAS
What Happened on the Trail of Tears?
https://www.nps.gov/trte/learn/historyculture/what-happened-on-the-trail-of-tears.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-ARCHIVES-GUADALUPE-AMERICAS
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo
U.S. National Archives
CIT-LOC-MEXICAN-WAR-GUIDE-AMERICAS
Mexican War: A Resource Guide
https://guides.loc.gov/mexican-war
Library of Congress
CIT-DOI-BOARDING-SCHOOLS-AMERICAS
Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative investigative report
https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/department-interior-releases-investigative-report-outlines-next-steps-federal-indian
U.S. Department of the Interior
CIT-LOC-GREAT-MIGRATION-AMERICAS
The Great Migration
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/great-migration/
Library of Congress
CIT-INALI-LANGUAGE-ATLAS-AMERICAS
Catalog of Mexico's National Indigenous Languages
https://www.inali.gob.mx/sitios/clin-inali/
Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas, Mexico
CIT-MEMORIA-CHILENA-WAR-PACIFIC-AMERICAS
Diplomatic negotiations after the War of the Pacific
https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-96351.html
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena
CIT-INAH-LA-VENTA-AMERICAS
La Venta archaeological zone
https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/node/4310
Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico
CIT-MET-CLASSIC-MAYA-AMERICAS
Ancient Maya Sculpture
https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/ancient-maya-sculpture
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
CIT-NPS-ANCESTRAL-SONORAN-AMERICAS
The Ancestral Sonoran Desert People
https://www.nps.gov/cagr/learn/historyculture/the-ancestral-sonoran-desert-people.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-MEMORIA-MAPUCHE-HISTORY-AMERICAS
The Mapuche people
https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-781.html
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena
CIT-MEMORIA-MAPUZUGUN-AMERICAS
Mapudungun and Mapuzugun
https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3594.html
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena
CIT-INAH-TEMPLO-MAYOR-AMERICAS
Templo Mayor archaeological zone
https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/en/node/4463
Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico
CIT-INAH-CONQUEST-ALLIANCES-AMERICAS
1519-1521: alliances, confrontation and conquests
https://mexicograndezaydiversidad.inah.gob.mx/publicacion/capitulo-07.html
Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico
CIT-LOC-COLONIAL-CONFLICT-AMERICAS
Conflict and Accommodation in the Early Americas
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/exploring-the-early-americas/conflict-and-accommodation.html
Library of Congress
CIT-NPS-SPANISH-MISSIONS-LABOR-AMERICAS
Life in the Missions: Reality, Romance and Revolt
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/travelspanishmissions/life-in-the-missions-between-reality-romance-and-revolt.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-BNDIGITAL-BRAZIL-SLAVERY-AMERICAS
Slave labor in Brazil
https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/dossies/trafico-de-escravos-no-brasil/escravidao-no-brasil/o-trabalho-escravo-no-brasil/
Fundacao Biblioteca Nacional, Brazil
CIT-SLAVEVOYAGES-METHOD-AMERICAS
SlaveVoyages: scholarly method and datasets
https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/about
SlaveVoyages Consortium, Rice University
CIT-PALMARES-HISTORY-AMERICAS
Dandara and Zumbi in the history of Serra da Barriga
https://www.gov.br/palmares/pt-br/departamentos/protecao-preservacao-e-articulacao/serra-da-barriga-1/dandara-e-zumbi/
Fundacao Cultural Palmares, Brazil
CIT-SMITHSONIAN-VODOU-AMERICAS
Vodou
https://festival.si.edu/articles/2004/vodou
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
CIT-IPHAN-AFRICAN-HERITAGE-AMERICAS
Publications on African-matrix cultural heritage
https://www.gov.br/iphan/pt-br/assuntos/publicacoes-patrimonio-de-matriz-africana
Instituto do Patrimonio Historico e Artistico Nacional, Brazil
CIT-SMITHSONIAN-SANTERIA-AMERICAS
The history of Santeria in Washington, D.C.
https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-latino-center-presents-history-santer-washington-dc
Smithsonian Institution
CIT-BICENTENARIO-TUPAC-AMARU-AMERICAS
The rebellion of Tupac Amaru II, volume 4: documentary collection
https://www3.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/FondoEditorial/bicentenario/Tupac_Amaru_4/
Congress of the Republic of Peru, Fondo Editorial
CIT-LOC-MEXICO-INDEPENDENCE-AMERICAS
Mexico: From Independence to Reform, 1800-1857
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/independence-sp.html
Library of Congress
CIT-UNESCO-BOLIVAR-ARCHIVE-AMERICAS
Writings of the Liberator Simon Bolivar, 1813-1830
https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/lac/writings-liberator-simon-bolivar-1813-1830
UNESCO Memory of the World
CIT-BNDIGITAL-BRAZIL-INDEPENDENCE-AMERICAS
1822: Independence of Brazil
https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/dossies/gramaticas-e-dicionarios-do-portugues/linha-do-tempo/sobre-as-efemerides/1822-independencia-do-brasil/
Fundacao Biblioteca Nacional, Brazil
CIT-ARCHIVES-THIRTEENTH-AMENDMENT-AMERICAS
Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment
U.S. National Archives
CIT-LOC-MEXICAN-REVOLUTION-AMERICAS
The Mexican Revolution and the United States: Overview
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/overview.html
Library of Congress
CIT-CHEROKEE-LANGUAGE-PROGRAMS-AMERICAS
Cherokee Nation language programs
https://language.cherokee.org/language-programs/
Cherokee Nation
CIT-SMITHSONIAN-MANKILLER-AMERICAS
Wilma Mankiller: Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
https://womenshistory.si.edu/blog/wilma-mankiller-led-first-woman-principal-chief-cherokee-nation
Smithsonian American Women's History Museum
CIT-ALMG-MAYA-LANGUAGES-AMERICAS
Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala: mandate and language communities
https://directorio.gdav.gob.gt/item/academia-de-lenguas-mayas-alm/
Government Directory of Guatemala and Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
CIT-PERU-BDPI-QUECHUAS-AMERICAS
Quechua peoples
https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/pueblos/quechuas
Base de Datos de Pueblos Indigenas u Originarios, Ministry of Culture of Peru
CIT-PERU-BDPI-AIMARA-AMERICAS
Aimara people
https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/pueblos/aimara
Base de Datos de Pueblos Indigenas u Originarios, Ministry of Culture of Peru
CIT-FUNAI-INDIGENOUS-INFORMATION-AMERICAS
Indigenous Information System
https://sii.funai.gov.br/funai_sii/index.wsp
Fundacao Nacional dos Povos Indigenas, Brazil
CIT-UNESCO-INDIGENOUS-LANGUAGES-DECADE-AMERICAS
International Decade of Indigenous Languages 2022-2032
https://www.unesco.org/en/decades/indigenous-languages?hub=66703
UNESCO
CIT-BNF-TOUSSAINT-AMERICAS
Toussaint Louverture: fate and contradictions
https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/toussaint-louverture-destin-et-contradictions
Bibliotheque nationale de France, Shared Heritage
CIT-MEMORIA-VALDIVIA-EARTHQUAKE-AMERICAS
Valdivia earthquake of 22 May 1960
https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-98075.html
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena
CIT-NPS-WAR-1812-INDIGENOUS-AMERICAS
We are determined to defend our lands
https://www.nps.gov/articles/aligning-mind-body-and-spirit.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-NPS-CIVIL-WAR-INDIAN-TERRITORY-AMERICAS
The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory
https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-battle-of-honey-springs-the-civil-war-comes-to-the-indian-territory-teaching-with-historic-places.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-AMERICAS-PARKS-CANADA-IVVAVIK
Ivvavik National Park: culture and history
https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/yt/ivvavik/culture
Parks Canada
CIT-AMERICAS-USGS-WHITE-SANDS
Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands
https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70249447
U.S. Geological Survey
CIT-AMERICAS-CHILE-MONTE-VERDE
Sitio Arqueologico Monte Verde
https://www.monumentos.gob.cl/patrimonio-mundial/tentativa/sitio-arqueologico-monte-verde
Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales de Chile
CIT-AMERICAS-NPS-HOPEWELL-HISTORY
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park: history and culture
https://www.nps.gov/hocu/learn/historyculture/index.htm
U.S. National Park Service
CIT-AMERICAS-SMITHSONIAN-MOCHE-PROFILE
The Moche: Profile of an Ancient Peruvian People
https://repository.si.edu/items/aa5ef71e-3195-4c58-93e8-170459ee0fc2
Smithsonian Institution
CIT-AMERICAS-UNESCO-COPAN
Maya Site of Copan
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/129
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
CIT-AMERICAS-PARKS-CANADA-NAHANNI
Nahanni National Park Reserve: culture and history
https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/nt/nahanni/culture
Parks Canada
CIT-AMERICAS-NMAI-HAUDENOSAUNEE
Haudenosaunee Perseverance: the Great Law of Peace
https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/american-revolution-perseverance/students/chapter-1/
Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian
CIT-AMERICAS-USGS-ANDEAN-VOLCANISM
Volcanism and associated hazards: the Andean perspective
https://www.usgs.gov/publications/volcanism-and-associated-hazards-andean-perspective
U.S. Geological Survey
CIT-AMERICAS-LOC-HARRISON-TIMELINE
William Henry Harrison Papers: timeline
https://www.loc.gov/collections/william-henry-harrison-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/
Library of Congress
CIT-AMERICAS-LOC-BOLIVAR-MEMORIAL
General Simon Bolivar Memorial
https://www.loc.gov/item/dc1242/
Library of Congress
CIT-AMERICAS-LOC-PERU-COUNTRY-STUDY
Peru: a country study
https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/pe/perucountrystudy00huds_0/perucountrystudy00huds_0.pdf
Library of Congress Federal Research Division
CIT-AMERICAS-INEHRM-MEXICAN-REVOLUTION
Revolucion Mexicana
https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Revolucion_Mexicana
Instituto Nacional de Estudios Historicos de las Revoluciones de Mexico